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Does Chewing Gum Reduce Anxiety?

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Does Chewing Gum Reduce Anxiety?

Stressed? Research suggests chomping on a piece of chewing gum may help reduce anxiety and even improve mood[1]. And forget that morning cup o’ Joe— not only may chewing gum relieve stress, but studies suggest chewing gum can also increase alertness and blood flow in the brain[2]. Now that’s something to chew— or cheer— about!

Bubble Gum and Brain Power — The Takeaway

Photo by Caitlin Covington

Humans have been finding things to chew on for thousands of years. The ancient Greeks and Mayans chewed on tree resin, while the first “chewing gum” was made in the 1800s from a type of rubber known as chicle (yup, the same stuff Chiclets were named after!). While today’s gum tastes a lot better, the ancient Greeks and Mayans may have been on to something— studies suggest the ancient chewers may have felt less stress than their non-gum-chewing counterparts[3].

For starters, chewing gum is associated with reduced anxiety and lower cortisol levels. The stress relief can occur almost immediately, but has long-term effects, too[4]. In one study, participants who chewed gum twice a day for fourteen days rated their anxiety as significantly less than the non-chewers[5]. And not only are gum-chewers less stressed, they may be more alert, too[6][7]. In another study, people who chewed gum while completing memory-related tasks had quicker reaction times and a higher sustained attention span than non-chewers[8].

It’s true that chewing gum has a lot of superpowers (perhaps it needs to be the star of its own comic book), but how does it work? It may not be the act of chewing that does it— in one study, people who pretended to chew didn’t experience the same benefits[9]. Although it’s unclear exactly why gum chewing relieves stress, it could have to do with flavor, and research suggests flavored gum (as opposed to standard gum base) increases arousal in the brain[10]. Gum-chewing can alsostimulate the senses by involving smell, taste, and touch, which may explain why it’s been shown to increase alertness and improve mood[11][12].

Just be sure to stick with sugar-free gum, which contains fewer calories and (you guessed it!) sugar. Sugar-free gum has been shown to help clean teeth and reduce cavities, as well as improve bad breath (now that’s stressful!)[13][14].

The Tip

The next time anxiety hits, try chomping on a piece of (sugar-free) gum to help chill out.

Further Resources

Works Cited

  1. Effect of regular chewing gum on levels of anxiety, mood, and fatigue in healthy young adults. Sasaki-Otomaru, A., Sakuma, Y., Mochizuki, Y., et al. Department of Fundamental Nursing and Life Support, Division of Comprehensive Health Nursing Sciences, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health: CP & EMH, 2011;7:133-9. Epub 2011 Aug 5. [↩]
  2. Prolonged gum chewing evokes activation of the ventral part of prefrontal cortex and suppression of nociceptive responses: involvement of the serotonergic system. Kamiya, K., Fumoto, M., Kikuchi, H., et al. Anesthesiology and Clinical Physiology, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. Journal of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2010 Mar;57(1):35-43. [↩]
  3. Effect of regular chewing gum on levels of anxiety, mood, and fatigue in healthy young adults. Sasaki-Otomaru, A., Sakuma, Y., Mochizuki, Y., et al. Department of Fundamental Nursing and Life Support, Division of Comprehensive Health Nursing Sciences, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health: CP & EMH, 2011;7:133-9. Epub 2011 Aug 5. [↩]
  4. Chewing gum alleviates negative mood and reduces cortisol during acute laboratory psychological stress. Scholey, A., Haskell, C., Robertson, B., et al. Physiology & Behavior, 2009 Jun 22;97(3-4):304-12. Epub 2009 Mar 5. [↩]
  5. Effect of regular chewing gum on levels of anxiety, mood, and fatigue in healthy young adults. Sasaki-Otomaru, A., Sakuma, Y., Mochizuki, Y., et al. Department of Fundamental Nursing and Life Support, Division of Comprehensive Health Nursing Sciences, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health: CP & EMH, 2011;7:133-9. Epub 2011 Aug 5. [↩]
  6. Chewing gum alleviates negative mood and reduces cortisol during acute laboratory psychological stress. Scholey, A., Haskell, C., Robertson, B., et al. Physiology & Behavior, 2009 Jun 22;97(3-4):304-12. Epub 2009 Mar 5. [↩]
  7. Effect on electroencephalogram of chewing flavored gum. Morinushi, T., Masumoto, Y., Kawasaki, H., et al. Department of Paediatric Dentristry, Kagoshima University Dental School, Japan. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2000 Dec;54(6):645-51. [↩]
  8. Effects of chewing gum on cognitive function, mood and physiology in stressed and non –stressed volunteers. Smith, A., Centre for Occupational and Health Psychology, School of Psychology, Cardiff University. Nutritional Neuroscience, 2010 Feb;13(1):7-16. [↩]
  9. The effect of chewing gum on physiological and self-rated measures of alertness and daytime sleepiness. Johnson, A.J., Miles, C., Haddrell, B., et al. Department of Psychology, Coventry University, Coventry, UK. Physiology and Behavior, 2011 Oct 28. [↩]
  10. Effect on electroencephalogram of chewing flavored gum. Morinushi, T., Masumoto, Y., Kawasaki, H., et al. Department of Paediatric Dentristry, Kagoshima University Dental School, Japan. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2000 Dec;54(6):645-51. [↩]
  11. Effects of chewing gum on mood, learning, memory and performance of an intelligence test. Smith, A. Centre for Occupational and Health Psychology, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. Nutritional Neuroscience, 2009 Apr:12(2):81-8. [↩]
  12. Chewing gum moderates multi-task induced shifts in stress, mood, and alertness. A re-examination. Johnson, A.J., Jenks, R., Miles, C., et al. Department of Psychology, Coventry University, James Starley Building, Priory Street, Coventry. Appetite, 2011 Apr;56(2):408-11. Epub 2011 Jan 11. [↩]
  13. The use of sorbitol- and xylitol-sweetened chewing gum in caries control. Burt, BA., Departmnet of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan. Journal of the American Dental Association, 2006 Feb;137(2):190-6. [↩]
  14. Sugar-free chewing gum and dental caries: a systematic review. Micheknautsch, S., Leal, SC., Yengopal, V., et al. Division of Public Oral Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Journal of Applied Oral Science: revista FOB, 2007 Apr:15(2):83-8. [↩]
  15. by Caitlin Covington

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Plastic-eating fungi found in Amazon may solve landfill problems

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Plastic-eating fungi found in Amazon may solve landfill problems
Just when you thought that plastic waste was never going to break down in the environment, along comes Mother Nature to solve the problem.

The Amazon contains more species of flora and fauna than virtually anywhere else on earth.

In a report by NZ Herald it was stated that a group of students from Yale University found a species which appears to be happy eating plastic in airless landfills.

The group of students are part of Yale’s annual Rainforest Expedition and Laboratory. Travelling with professor Scott Strobel of the molecular biochemistry lab into the jungles of Ecuador, the mission was to allow “students to experience the scientific inquiry process in a comprehensive and creative way.”

Plastic garbage could last indefinitely, meaning that landfills of garbage will continue on possibly for centuries.

But now there may just be the perfect solution.

The group brought back a new fungus with a voracious appetite for polyurethane, which is a common plastic used for many modern purposes, including shoes, garden hoses and other non-degenerating items.

The fungi, Pestalotiopsis microspora, is able to survive on a steady diet of polyurethane alone and, which is even more surprising can do this in an anaerobic (oxygen-free) environment. Perfect for conditions at the bottom of a landfill.

A student named Pria Anand recorded the remarkable behaviour of the microbe, and another isolated the enzymes that allow the organism to degrade plastic as a food source.

Their findings were published in the journal Applied and Environmental Microbiology last year with the conclusion that the microbe is “a promising source of biodiversity from which to screen for metabolic properties useful for bioremediation.”

There is now hope for a plastic-free environment in the future.

Read more

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Advice on weight management in pregnancy

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Advice on weight management in pregnancy

Hello Readers,

I was planning to get the news back to and was lazy and finally 4 NY tv channel bet me in News @ 5pm.Sorry for the day and here is the news article published in BMJ based on the research conducated in UK.

Obesity in pregnant women has considerable resource implications, with increased odds of caesarean or instrumental delivery, haemorrhage, infection, longer duration of hospital stay, and need for neonatal intensive care.1 At a time when more than half the women of reproductive age in the United Kingdom are overweight or obese,2 any analysis of weight management interventions in pregnancy is timely and welcome. In the linked paper (doi:10.1136/bmj.e2088), Thangaratinam and colleagues present a comprehensive and well conducted meta-analysis of studies that have tried to improve maternal weight and obstetric outcomes through dietary and lifestyle interventions across the body mass index (BMI) range.3 However, many of the included studies are of small size and limited quality. The authors conclude that interventions can improve some outcomes for the mother and baby and that dietary advice, rather than advice on physical activity, is most effective. Importantly, there was no evidence of harm.

Internationally, the guidelines for weight management in pregnancy vary. Because the US Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommends limits for gestational weight gain (table⇓),4 most published intervention studies focus mainly on this parameter. In the UK, however, the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines for weight management in pregnancy do not advise regular weighing of pregnant women beyond their first visit because evidence for an effective intervention to improve clinical outcomes in a UK population has been lacking.5

About Author:

  1. Lucilla Poston, head of division of women’s health, King’s College London,
  2. Lucy C Chappell, clinical senior lecturer in maternal and fetal medicine

Author Affiliations

  1. 1Women’s Health Academic Centre, King’s Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
  1. [email protected]

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Dip Chip technology tests toxicity on the go

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Dip Chip technology tests toxicity on the go

From man-made toxic chemicals such as industrial by-products to poisons that occur naturally, a water or food supply can be easily contaminated. And for every level of toxic material ingested, there is some level of bodily response, ranging from minor illness to painful certain death.

Biosensors have long been used to safeguard against exposure to toxic chemicals. Food tasters employed by the ancients acted as early versions of biosensors, determining if a meal had been poisoned. More modern examples include the use of fish, which may alter their swimming characteristics if a toxic material is introduced into to the water. But although current warning systems are more sophisticated, they require equipment and time that a soldier in the field or an adventurer in the wilderness do not have.

Now Professor Yosi Shacham-Diamand, Vice Dean of Tel Aviv University’s Faculty of Engineering, along with Professor Shimshon Belkin of the Institute of Life Sciences at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, has married biology and engineering to produce a biosensor device called the “Dip Chip,” which detects toxicity quickly and accurately, generating low false positive and false negative readings. The Dip Chip contains microbes designed to exhibit a biological reaction to toxic chemicals, emulating the biological responses of humans or animals.

Converting biological response to electricity
The biological reaction is converted into an electronic signal that can be read by the user. When perfected for commercial applications, the chip might be easily plugged into a mobile device to determine toxicity, says Shacham-Diamand.

The new chips are based on genetically modified microbes developed in Belkin’s laboratory. When the modified microbes are exposed to toxic or poisonous materials, they produce a measurable biochemical reaction—and this is where Shacham-Diamand’s work begins.

“In my lab, we developed a method for communicating with the microbes, converting this biological response to electrical signals,” he explains. The device, which looks like a dip stick, immobilizes these specially-produced microbes next to the sensing electrodes. Once the microbes come into contact with a questionable substance they produce a chemical signal that is converted to an electrical current by an device that can interpret the signals, producing a binary “toxic” or “not toxic” diagnosis.

In the future, Shacham-Diamand hopes that smaller versions of the Dip Chips might be plugged into existing mobile electronic devices, such as cell phones or tablets, to give the user a toxicity reading. This would make it an economically feasible and easy-to-use technology for people such as campers or for military purposes.

Reading any toxic material
One of the chip’s advantages is its ability to identify toxicity as a biological quality instead of specific toxic chemicals. There are already excellent detectors to identify specific toxic materials, says Shacham-Diamand. The Dip Chip, however, is designed to alert the user to overall toxicity. And because the chip measures general toxicity, it will pick up on any and all toxic materials—even those that have not been discovered or invented yet.

Beyond their ability to find toxic chemicals in the field, these chips can also be put to use in the cosmetics or pharmaceuticals industries, says Shacham-Diamand. They could be used to detect the toxicity of new compounds, minimizing the controversial use of lab animals. Using the same technology, the researchers have also developed a larger-scale device which allows water to flow continuously over the sensor, making it appropriate for online, real-time monitoring of water supplies.

The results of their research have been published in a number of journals, including Electrochimica Acta andSensors and Actuators B: Chemical.

Tel Aviv University

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Satire ;)

Nirupama Surubhotla
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If you can start the day without caffeine or pep pills, 
If you can be cheerful, ignoring aches and pains, 
If you can resist complaining and boring people with your troubles, 
If you can eat the same food everyday and be grateful for it, 
If you can understand when loved ones are too busy to give you time,

If you can overlook when people take things out on you when, 
           through no fault of yours, something goes wrong, 
If you can take criticism and blame without resentment, 
If you can face the world without lies and deceit, 
If you can conquer tension without medical help, 
If you can relax without liquor, 
If you can sleep without the aid of drugs, 
If you can do all these things, 

Then you are probably the family dog.

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Japanese Troll…!!! ;)

Nirupama Surubhotla
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Email Win

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Communication….!!!

Nirupama Surubhotla
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Communication is about content and delivery, fifty-fifty. But when it comes to leadership, it’s all about the delivery. Of course what you say matters, but how you say it, how you relate to folks, is what differentiates great leaders from the pack.

That means you can have innovative ideas, indeed you must, but if you can’t deliver them in a way that connects with people and relates to them in a meaningful way, you won’t get results.

Here’s a perfect example from the season premier ofRestaurant Impossible with Food Network chef Robert Irvine. A family had thrown its entire life into a restaurant for 30 years, the place was failing, and the owners were more than a half a million dollars in debt.

After it finally sunk in that he’d made just about every possible mistake in the book, the owner was depressed, demoralized, and seemingly inconsolable. And yet, Irvine – the taskmaster who’d gotten his start in the Royal Navy – was able to turn things around.

He put his hand on the guy’s shoulder, looked him right in the eye, and told him how much his family and employees needed him now. Indeed, how much Irvine needed him to help him turn this thing around and not give up. There was genuine empathy and caring in his eyes. Strictly no BS.

If you’ve ever watched Irvine work, you know what I’m talking about. The guy’s a helluva leader. Yes, I know it’s TV, but I’m telling you that some executives and leaders have that ability. Most don’t. I’ve known plenty of both kinds, and to be honest, I’ve seen myself as both kinds.

Early on, I was a brash, aggressive, distracted, young executive hell-bent on “making it” and driving results. Later I learned the importance and motivational impact of genuinely connecting with people in a meaningful way.

That transition doesn’t happen all at once, it’s a process of continuous improvement and the learning never really stops. So, wherever you are in your journey to the top, I’m sure these 5 tips will help to improve your delivery so folks will want to be a part of whatever it is you’re doing.

Look people straight in the eye and really “see” them. If you take one thing away from this post, this is the one. It’s huge. I can’t say exactly why, but when you look someone straight in the eye, you’re initiating a potentially deep connection that can’t be achieved any other way. It also shows respect, i.e. there’s nothing more dismissive and demeaning than not “recognizing” someone by looking directly at them.

Be direct and genuine. The big problem with political correctness is that it’s hard enough to be straightforward and direct with people as it is. The whole PC thing just adds layers of complexity that make it so much harder to be straightforward in a work environment. Actually, the more direct and genuine you are with people, the greater their sense of trust and the more respect they’ll have.

Executive presence isn’t about power and domination. This is perhaps the biggest misconception about executive presence. It doesn’t come from command and control, it comes from connecting and relating, from sharing your passion in a way that’s meaningful to others. It breaks down barriers.

Learn to be a storyteller. People relate to stories and storytellers. People don’t remember facts and figures or even logical arguments as well as they remember stories. They also find it easier to connect with storytellers. If you really want to relate to people in a deep way, tell them stories they can relate to.

Increase your self-awareness. How you say things is more about how you feel than what you think. If people have trouble relating to you or respecting you, chances are you’re not as self-aware as you think you are. The only way to change that is to find out what employees, peers, and your boss like and don’t like about how you communicate. Being open to feedback is the only place to start.

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Don’t take anything, even this, too seriously.

Nirupama Surubhotla
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1.Never stop thinking. This is important. If someone ever says to you ‘You need to stop thinking so much,’ call them ignorant in your head and keep thinking deeper. It is this mentality that breeds stupidity and sheeple. Your mind is the most important tool you have, if you stop using it, it will atrophy. Question everything.

2. Stare into space blankly and don’t mentally punish yourself for doing it, even if it is for that split second. If you have a problem with staring blankly, think of it as daydreaming.

3. Root Beer sucks after having spicy food.

4. Everything is going to be just fine. If you worry about acne, you’re going to get a fucking pimple.

5. Don’t be afraid to talk about anything. You shouldn’t be afraid of reality.

6. Everyone is a hypocrite.

7. You are all original. Every life experience is case sensitive and unique. Every time you wake up or go to the bathroom or quote someone else, you are becoming more you than anyone has ever been.

8. Do pointless things. Don’t actively restrain or hide yourself from the redundant.

9. Stop rushing. Shut up and embrace the sound of silence.

10. Religion shouldn’t be taught, it should be found. No one should tell you what to believe except you. And while were on the subject…

11. Don’t be restrained by one religion. People change every moment of everyday. Minds grow and evolve. Religion has no law so feel free to mix and match. Make your own.

12. Going to the bathroom is not a right nor a privilege. it’s an act of nature.

13. Talking to yourself is healthy. Is there anyone that you have more in common with?

14. There is no such thing as time. The sun never sets or rises. Days and years don’t exist. There is only your life. Earlier today you were born and death is predicted later in the evening.

15. We will always be in a transitional phase. Look outside and know that everything will be replaced at some point. This existence is temporary.

16. Its not half empty or half full. Its half a glass.

17. Every now and then take something that you see everyday and try to see it in a different light. Renew its existence.

18. Be happy, but don’t force it.

19. You will always succeed in trying.

20. We are all crazy. Every person you read about in the history books had some kind of ‘disorder’, they just knew how to use it.

21. We are all about as similar as we are different.

22. Ideas are just as valuable as people. Why do you think we keep making people?

87. Numbers don’t have to go in order.

24. Words will always be just words. Love is just another four letter word, only the feeling is real.

25. Ask a child for advice. They may not know much, but they know what is important.

26. Prove you’re alive. Do anything from dancing in the supermarket to screaming ‘Fuck’ during a moment of silence. Remind the world you are still here.

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Scientific proof that milk is better on cereal than water:NCBI

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Scientific proof that milk is better on cereal than water:NCBI

Physical properties and microstructural changes during soaking of individual corn and quinoa breakfast flakes.

Source

Department of Chemical and Bioprocesses Engineering, Pontificia University Católica de Chile, P.O. Box 306, Santiago, Chile. [email protected]

Abstract

The importance of breakfast cereal flakes (BCF) in Western diets deserves an understanding of changes in their mechanical properties and microstructure that occur during soaking in a liquid (that is, milk or water) prior to consumption. The maximum rupture force (RF) of 2 types of breakfast flaked products (BFP)–corn flakes (CF) and quinoa flakes (QF)–were measured directly while immersed in milk with 2% of fat content (milk 2%) or distilled water for different periods of time between 5 and 300 s. Under similar soaking conditions, QF presented higher RF values than CF. Soaked flakes were freeze-dried and their cross section and surface examined by scanning electron microscopy. Three consecutive periods (fast, gradual, and slow reduction of RF) were associated with changes in the microstructure of flakes. These changes were more pronounced in distilled water than in milk 2%, probably because the fat and other solids in milk become deposited on the flakes’ surface hindering liquid infiltration. Structural and textural modifications were primarily ascribable to the plasticizing effect of water that softened the carbohydrate/protein matrix, inducing partial collapse of the porous structure and eventually disintegration of the whole piece through deep cracks.

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Why is the the t test called as such ? Why is it Named So…Guinness Beer

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Why is the the t test called as such ? Why is it Named So…Guinness Beer

The t-statistic was introduced in 1908 by William Sealy Gosset, a chemist working for the Guinness brewery in Dublin, Ireland (“Student” was his pen name). Gosset had been hired due to Claude Guinness’s policy of recruiting the best graduates from Oxford and Cambridge to apply biochemistry and statistics to Guinness’s industrial processes.Gosset devised the t-test as a cheap way to monitor the quality of stout. He published the test in Biometrika in 1908, but was forced to use a pen name by his employer, who regarded the fact that they were using statistics as a trade secret. In fact, Gosset’s identity was known to fellow statisticians. Definition:

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 A t-test is any statistical hypothesis test in which the test statistic follows a Student’s t distribution if the null hypothesis is supported. It is most commonly applied when the test statistic would follow a normal distribution if the value of a scaling term in the test statistic were known. When the scaling term is unknown and is replaced by an estimate based on the data, the test statistic (under certain conditions) follows a Student’s t distribution.

William Sealy Gosset

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Stem Cell Breast Augmentation::No Implants::Principle is AWESOME

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Stem Cell Breast Augmentation::No Implants::Principle is AWESOME

Suzanne Somers Talks About ‘Great New Breast’

today on Pears Morgan’s show on CNN ,Author and Breast cancer  survivor  Suzanne Somers has talked about her ‘great new breast’ after having stem cell breast augmentation therapy to reconstruct one of her breasts ravaged by cancer surgery.

“I thought they’d take a quarter’s worth,” she says. “But the whole bottom half of my breast was gone.”

For the surgery Aronowitz took stem cells from fat tissue in Somers’ midsection using liposuction and then used that to reconstruct the affected breast.

This whole thing is a win-win,” says Somers. “You lose fat and get a new breast.”

She said that,the cells used in her implant are extracted from the fat from her stomach and after the centrifuge the strong stem cells are regrown invitro and are injected into her and right now she feels a shock some times when as the blood cells and muscle is growing.The surgery is conducted by a Japan Sargon

This caught my sight and here is the little article for the reader interested from the pubmed

httpvh://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lmfpZO_QksY

httpvh://www.youtube.com/watch?v=APXso8Ijeaw

Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2008 January; 32(1): 48–55.
Published online 2007 September 1. doi:  10.1007/s00266-007-9019-4
PMCID: PMC2175019
Copyright © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2007
Cell-Assisted Lipotransfer for Cosmetic Breast Augmentation: Supportive Use of Adipose-Derived Stem/Stromal Cells
Kotaro Yoshimura,corresponding author1 Katsujiro Sato,2 Noriyuki Aoi,1 Masakazu Kurita,3Toshitsugu Hirohi,4 and Kiyonori Harii3
1Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku 113-8655 Tokyo, Japan
2Cellport Clinic Yokohama, Yokohama Excellent III Building 2F, 3-35, Minami-nakadori, Naka-ku, Yokohama 231-0006 Kanagawa, Japan
3Department of Plastic Surgery, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka-shi 181-8611 Tokyo, Japan
4Ritz Cosmetic Surgery Clinic Tokyo, Meguro Toho Building 8F, 3-1-7, Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku 141-0021 Tokyo, Japan
Kotaro Yoshimura, Phone: +81-3-5800-8948, Fax: +81-3-5800-9186, Email: [email protected].
corresponding authorCorresponding author.
Received April 27, 2007; Accepted May 22, 2007.
Small right arrow pointing to: This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.
Abstract
Background
Lipoinjection is a promising treatment but has some problems, such as unpredictability and a low rate of graft survival due to partial necrosis.
Methods
To overcome the problems with lipoinjection, the authors developed a novel strategy known as cell-assisted lipotransfer (CAL). In CAL, autologous adipose-derived stem (stromal) cells (ASCs) are used in combination with lipoinjection. A stromal vascular fraction (SVF) containing ASCs is freshly isolated from half of the aspirated fat and recombined with the other half. This process converts relatively ASC-poor aspirated fat to ASC-rich fat. This report presents the findings for 40 patients who underwent CAL for cosmetic breast augmentation.
Results
Final breast volume showed augmentation by 100 to 200 ml after a mean fat amount of 270 ml was injected. Postoperative atrophy of injected fat was minimal and did not change substantially after 2 months. Cyst formation or microcalcification was detected in four patients. Almost all the patients were satisfied with the soft and natural-appearing augmentation.
Conclusions
The preliminary results suggest that CAL is effective and safe for soft tissue augmentation and superior to conventional lipoinjection. Additional study is necessary to evaluate the efficacy of this technique further.
Keywords: Adipose-derived stem/stromal cells, Breast augmentation, Cell therapy, Lipoinjection, Tissue engineering
Autologous fat transplantation is one promising treatment for facial rejuvenation and soft tissue augmentation because it results in no incisional scar or complications associated with foreign materials. However, certain problems remain, such as unpredictability and a low rate of graft survival due to partial necrosis. Many innovations to overcome these problems have been reported [1, 2, 4–6, 18] and reviewed previously [4, 14]. On the basis of these reports, we tentatively concluded that we could harvest fat with a 2.5-mm cannula or 18-gauge needle at a vacuum lower than 700 mmHg and reinject it using an 18-gauge needle without significant adipocyte damage [14].
Lipoinjection can be used to treat facial changes associated with aging and to correct various types of depressed deformities such as hemifacial microsomia and pectus excavatum. It also has been used in breast augmentation by a limited number of plastic surgeons [3], although the use of autologous fat for breast augmentation has been controversial. Consensus is lacking on whether lipoinjection is safe and appropriate because of microcalcifications that may cause confusion in the evaluation of mammograms. Recently, autologous fat injection has been reevaluated as a potential alternative to artificial implants for breast augmentation [3, 15, 16, 19]. This reevaluation may reflect recent advances in autologous fat transfer and the radiologic detection of breast cancer.
To overcome the problems associated with autologous fat transfer, we use a novel strategy known as cell-assisted lipotransfer (CAL) (Fig. 1). Findings have shown that tissue-specific progenitor cells in the adipose tissue have the capacity to differentiate into various cell lineages [21]. Thus, the progenitors, currently known as adipose-derived stem/stromal cells (ASCs), are expected to become a valuable tool in a wide range of cell-based therapies.
Fig. 1

Fig. 1

Scheme of cell-assisted lipotransfer. Relatively adipose-derived stem/stromal cell (ASC)-poor aspirated fat is converted to ASC-rich fat by supplementing ASCs isolated from the other half of the aspirated fat. The ASCs are attached to the aspirated fat, (more …)
The therapeutic concept of CAL was described in our previous report on preclinical studies [9]. We found that aspirated fat has approximately half the number of ASCs found in excised whole fat. There are two main reasons for this relative deficiency. First, a major portion of the ASCs is located around large vessels and left in the donor site after liposuction [9]. Second, a part of the ASCs is released into the fluid portion of liposuction aspirates [20]. The relative deficiency of ASCs may induce postoperative long-term atrophy of injected fat, as partially confirmed in animal studies [8, 9, 11].
With the CAL strategy, autologous ASCs are used to enhance angiogenesis, to improve the survival rate of grafts, and to reduce postoperative atrophy. In CAL, half the volume of the aspirated fat is processed for isolation of the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) containing ASCs. During the isolation process, the other half of the aspirated fat is prepared for grafting. Freshly isolated SVF, which we characterized previously [20], is attached to the aspirated fat, with the fat acting as a living scaffold before transplantation. Finally, the SVF-supplemented fat is injected into the target sites. Thus, ASC-poor fat is converted to ASC-rich fat in the preparation process of the injectable material.
In this report, we describe the preliminary results experienced by patients who underwent CAL for cosmetic breast augmentation. This is the first report on the clinical use of ASCs for cosmetic purposes.
Materials and Methods
Patients
From 2003 to 2007, we performed CAL for 70 patients: in the breast for 60 patients (including 8 patients who had breast reconstruction after mastectomy), in the face for 12 patients, and in the hip for 1 patient. For three patients, CAL was performed at two sites. Informed consent was obtained from all the patients. The study protocol conformed to the guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by individual institutional review boards.
In this study, 40 patients with healthy thoraxes and breasts underwent CAL for purely cosmetic breast augmentation. Patients undergoing breast reconstruction for inborn anomaly or after mastectomy were not included. At this writing, 19 of these 40 patients have been followed for more than 6 months, and the maximum follow-up period has been 42 months. All the patients were Japanese women with a mean body mass index (BMI) of 19.1 ± 1.9. Their ages varied from 20 to 62 years (mean, 35.8 ± 9.1). The mean volume of injected fat was 268.1 ± 47.6 ml on the left side and 277.3 ± 39.1 ml on the right side. The demographic and surgical data for these patients are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1

Table 1

Patient data
Surgical Techniques
Before the procedure began, the liposuction site was infiltrated with combined saline solution and diluted epinephrine (0.001%). With the patient under general anesthesia, adipose tissue was suctioned using a cannula with a 2.5-mm inner diameter and a conventional liposuction machine. Approximately half of the collected liposuction aspirate was used for isolation of the SVF from both the adipose and fluid portions of the liposuction aspirates, as described previously [20]. This cell processing procedure required about 90 min. During the processing period, the other half of the lipoaspirate was harvested as graft material.
The adipose portion of the liposuction aspirates was either washed several times and placed in an upright position to obtain clear separation of fluids and oil (groups A and B) or centrifuged at 700 g for 3 min without washing (group C), then put into a metal jar (500 ml), which was placed in water with crushed ice. In groups A and C, the fresh SVF isolated from both the adipose and fluid portions was added to the graft material. After gentle mixing and a wait of 10 to 15 min for cell adherence to the aspirated fat, the cell-supplemented fat was put into an injection syringe. In Group B, the freshly isolated SVF was resuspended in 60 ml of saline, then diffusely injected into the whole breast mounds separately (30 ml for each breast) immediately after conventional lipoinjection. There were 6 patients in group A, 2 patients in group B, and 32 patients in group C.
For the injection syringe, a 10-ml LeVeen inflator (Boston Scientific Corp., Boston, MA, USA) or our original 20-ml syringe was used because each is a screw-type syringe (with a threaded plunger), and the threaded connections fit both the connecting tube and the needle to allow precise control during injection. To reduce the time of the procedure, two syringes were used. While the one syringe was being used for an injection, the other was being filled with the graft material in preparation for the next injection. An 18-gauge needle (150 mm long) was used for lipoinjection and inserted subcutaneously at one of four points indicated in Figs. 2A and B.
Fig. 2

Fig. 2

Schematic instruction of the injection method. (A) A small amount of fat tissue is injected as small aliquots or as a thin string with a long needle, using a syringe with a threaded plunger, while the needle is continuously withdrawn. (B) The needle is (more …)
The operator took care to insert and place the needle horizontally (parallel to the body) to avoid damaging the pleura and causing a pneumothorax. The needle was inserted in several layers and directions. It was continuously and gradually retracted as the plunger was advanced. This technique was used to obtain a diffuse distribution of the graft material (Figs. 2 and ​and3).3). The grafts were injected into the fatty layers on, around, and under the mammary glands, and also into the pectoralis muscles.
Fig. 3

Fig. 3

A clinical view of injection. The injection needle is rigidly manipulated by an operator while an assistant rotates the plunger according to the operator’s instruction. A high-pressure injection can be performed using a disposable syringe with (more …)
The transplantation of adipose tissue was successfully performed in all cases, and the time of the injection process ranged from 35 to 60 min for both breasts. Subcutaneous bleeding, occasionally seen in some parts of the breasts, resolved in 1 to 2 weeks.

Transplanted adipose tissue was gradually absorbed during the first 2 postoperative months (especially during the first month), and the breast volume showed a minimal change thereafter, although skin tension sometimes lessened after 2 months. Three representative surgical sites are shown in Figs. 4 to ​to9.9. The difference in breast circumference (chest circumference at the nipple minus the chest circumference at the inframammary fold) had increased in all cases by 4 to 8 cm at 6 months, which corresponds to two to three brassiere cup sizes. This circumference increase appeared to correspond to the 100- to 200-ml increase in the volume of each breast mound, which was partially confirmed by our preliminary evaluation using a three-dimensional quantitative measurement system.

Fig. 5

Fig. 5

Radiologic views showing the chest of patient 1. (A) A preoperative computed tomography (CT) image in the horizontal plane of the nipples. (B) A horizontal image 12 months after surgery. Note that the adipose tissue is augmented both subcutaneously and (more …)
Fig. 6

Fig. 6

Clinical views of a patient in group C (patient 2). Preoperative (top) and postoperative (bottom) views at 12 months. A 32-year-old woman underwent breast augmentation with cell-assisted lipotransfer (CAL) (280 ml in each breast). Her breast circumference (more …)
Fig. 7

Fig. 7

Radiologic views showing the chest of patient 2. (A) A preoperative computed tomography (CT) image in the horizontal plane at the level of the nipples. (B and C) Horizontal images by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 12 months after surgery: (B) T1-image; (more …)
Fig. 8

Fig. 8

Clinical views of a patient in group C (patient 3). Preoperative (top) and postoperative (bottom) views at 24 months. A 30-year-old woman underwent breast augmentation with cell-assisted lipotransfer (CAL) (310 ml in each breast). Her breasts were dramatically (more …)
Fig. 4

Fig. 4

Clinical views of a patient in group A (patient 1). Preoperative (left) and postoperative (right) views at 24 months. A 22-year-old woman underwent breast augmentation using cell-assisted lipotransfer (CAL) (290 ml in each breast), with satisfactory results (more …)
Fig. 9

Fig. 9

Radiologic views of patient 3. (A) A preoperative computed tomography (CT) image in the horizontal plane at the level of the nipples. Only a very thin fatty layer is observed around the mammary glands. (B) A horizontal magnetic resonance image (MRI) (T1 (more …)
Compared with breast augmentation using implants of the same size, augmentation with CAL showed a lower height but a more natural contour of the breasts. All cases but one (see later) showed natural softness of the breasts without any palpable nodules at 6 months, and all the patients were satisfied with the resulting texture, softness, contour, and absence of foreign materials despite the limited size increase possible with autologous tissue—Cyst formation (<12 mm) was detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in two patients, and microcalcification was detected by mammogram in two patients at 24 months. In one of two patients in group B, fibrous breast tissue and fibrosis on the sternum were observed by computed tomography (CT) scan at 6 months, and the breasts were found to be harder than in other cases.
Discussion
Modifications of lipoinjection techniques to improve the survival rate for injected fat have been attempted. From these, it is well accepted that adipose tissue should be placed as small aliquots [3], preferably within an area 3 mm in diameter [1]. Because it takes a long time to perform ideally diffuse distribution of suctioned fat [3], we have used a disposable syringe with a threaded plunger and connections, a very long needle (150 mm), and an assistant to rotate the plunger. As a result, only 35 to 60 min are required for injection in both breasts. These devices are critical to performing large-volume lipoinjection safely and precisely in a short time.
In addition, the harvesting, preserving, and refining of graft materials also are important, as repeatedly indicated in the literature. We used a relatively large suction cannula, centrifuged the aspirated fat in some cases, and kept it cooled until transplantation. In this study, the clinical results (increase in breast circumference) appeared to be better in group C (using centrifuged fat) than in group A (using noncentrifuged fat), although quantitative measurement and statistical comparison were not done. In a previous study, we found that centrifugation of aspirated fat is substantially influential because centrifugation at 1,200 g decreases the fat volume by 30%, damaging 12% of the adipocytes and 0% of the ASCs. This leads to the concentration of cell numbers per volume of adipocytes and ASCs by 25% and 43%, respectively [7].
In addition, centrifugation may be especially beneficial in our treatment because water content in the graft material may disturb the adherence of ASCs to the adipose tissue and interfere with differentiation into expected lineages. Any ASCs floating in a solution, which is a nonphysiologic environment, may migrate over distances, penetrate into the lymphatic flow, and differentiate unexpectedly. We believe that such migration and altered cell differentiation caused the development of fibrotic tissue on the sternum of one patient in group B. Thus, we conclude that centrifuged fat combined with ASCs as cell pellets (group C procedure) was best among the three methods used in this study.
Although small cystic formation and microcalcification were detected in some cases, the microcalcification was easily distinguished from that associated with breast cancer, and the overall cosmetic results were generally satisfactory and encouraging. Almost all the patients were satisfied with their enlarged and soft breasts with a natural contour. Both CT scans and MRI showed that transplanted fat tissue survived and formed a significant thickness of the fatty layer not only subcutaneously on and around the mammary glands, but also between the mammary glands and the pectoralis muscles. Breast volume stabilized 2 to 3 months after transplantation.
Maximum breast augmentation using the described technique varied among the patients and appeared to be 100 to 200 ml. Although these volumes may be smaller than those achieved with large artificial implants, a definite advantage is that patients need not be concerned about postoperative complications induced by artificial implants such as rupture, infection, capsular contracture, unnatural contour, hardness, neurologic symptoms, and immune response. Compared with our dozens of patients who underwent conventional autologous lipoinjection to the breasts, augmentation effects were apparently higher with CAL. A 2- to 3-cm increase in breast circumference was common with the conventional procedure, compared with the 4- to 8-cm increase seen in this trial of CAL, although the augmentation effect varied among patients. The measurement system we recently devised may help to quantify the difference in augmented volume in the future.
Adipose tissue contains not only adipogenic progenitor cells, but also multipotent stem cells, which can differentiate into fat, bone, cartilage, and types of tissue [21,22]. Suctioned fat appears to lose a significant number of these precursors during liposuction and the preparation processes as compared with nonsuctioned adipose tissue [9]. This relative deficiency of precursors may contribute to the low survival rate and long-term atrophy of transplanted lipoaspirates. In CAL, the deficit of ASCs was compensated by supplementing ASCs. To maximize the biologic function and avoid unexpected behavior of ASCs, it seems important to ensure adherence of supplemented ASCs to adipocytes or connective tissue.
With this novel treatment, ASCs have four possible roles, which were partly confirmed in preclinical studies [8, 9, 11]. First, ASCs can differentiate into adipocytes and contribute to the regeneration of adipose tissue. Second, ASCs can differentiate into endothelial cells and also probably into vascular mural cells [8, 10,12], resulting in the promotion of angiogenesis and graft survival. Third, ASCs are known to release angiogenic growth factors in response to hypoxia and other conditions [13], and these factors influence surrounding host tissue. In their final role, which may be the most influential, ASCs survive as original ASCs [9]. In the adipose tissue, ASCs reside between adipocytes or in the extracellular matrix, especially around vessels, and contribute to the turnover of adipose tissue, which is known to be very slow (2 years or more) [17]. However, adipose grafts probably turn over during the first 2 to 3 months after transplantation because they experience temporary ischemia followed by reperfusion injury. This turnover, the replacement process of the adipose tissue, is conducted by tissue-specific progenitor cells, which are ASCs. The relative deficiency of ASCs in aspirated fat may affect the replacement process and lead to postoperative atrophy of grafted fat, which is known to occur commonly during the first 6 months after lipoinjection.
The freshly isolated SVF used in CAL contains not only ASCs but also vascular endothelial cells, pericytes, blood cells (both white and red), and other cells, as previously described [20]. After transplantation, ASCs may interact with other cells such as vascular endothelial cells, and supplementation with the SVF may be superior to supplementation with ASCs alone in this treatment. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the synergistic effects of ASCs with other cells contained in the graft.
In this preliminary study, satisfactory clinical results were generally achieved without any major complications. Thus, we can conclude that CAL is sufficiently safe for continuation of the study, though controlled investigations and accumulated long-term results are needed to elucidate the overall safety and efficacy of the treatment. A variety of new innovations, including stem cell technology, may be developed and may contribute to the improvement of autologous tissue transplantation and regeneration. Further improvements of the technique may cause autologous tissue transfer to become the first choice for breast augmentation in the future.
Footnotes
Partially presented at the 3rd annual meeting of the International Fat Applied Technology Society (IFATS), Charlottesville, Virginia, 11 September 2005, and the 8th annual meeting of Tissue Engineering Society International (TESI), Shanghai, China, 23 October 2005.
References
1. Carpaneda CA, Ribeiro MT (1994) Percentage of graft viability versus injected volume in adipose autotransplants. Aesth Plast Surg 18:17–19 .
2. Coleman SR (2001) Structural fat grafts: The ideal filler? Clin Plast Surg 28:111–119. [PubMed]
3. Coleman SR, Saboeiro AP (2007) Fat grafting to the breast revisited: Safety and efficacy. Plast Reconstr Surg 119:775–785. [PubMed]
4. Ersek RA, Chang P, Salisbury MA (1998) Lipo layering of autologous fat: An improved technique with promising results. Plast Reconstr Surg 101:820–826. [PubMed]
5. Fagrell D, Enestrom S, Berggren A, Kniola B (1996) Fat cylinder transplantation: An experimental comparative study of three different kinds of fat transplants. Plast Reconstr Surg 98:90–96. [PubMed]
6. Har-Shai Y, Lindenbaum ES, Gamliel-Lazarovich A, Beach D, Hirshowitz B (1999) An integrated approach for increasing the survival of autologous fat grafts in the treatment of contour defects. Plast Reconstr Surg 104:945–954. [PubMed]
7. Kurita M, Matsumoto D, Shigeura T, Sato K, Gonda K, Harii K, Yoshimura K: Influences of centrifugation on cells and tissues in liposuction aspirates: Optimized centrifugation for lipotransfer and cell isolation. Plast Reconstr Surg, (in press)
8. Masuda T, Furue M, Matsuda T (2004) Novel strategy for soft tissue augmentation based on transplantation of fragmented omentum and preadipocytes. Tissue Eng 10:1672–1683. [PubMed]
9. Matsumoto D, Sato K, Gonda K, Takaki Y, Shigeura T, Sato T, Aiba-Kojima E, Iizuka F, Inoue K, Suga H, Yoshimura K (2006) Cell-assisted lipotransfer: Supportive use of human adipose-derived cells for soft tissue augmentation with lipoinjection. Tissue Eng 12:3375–3382. [PubMed]
10. Miranville A, Heeschen C, Sengenes C, Curat CA, Busse R, Bouloumie A (2004) Improvement of postnatal neovascularization by human adipose tissue-derived stem cells. Circulation 110:349–355.[PubMed]
11. Moseley TA, Zhu M, Hedrick MH (2006) Adipose-derived stem and progenitor cells as fillers in plastic and reconstructive surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 118(3 Suppl):121S–128S. [PubMed]
12. Planat-Benard V, Silvestre JS, Cousin B, Andre M, Nibbelink M, Tamarat R, Clergue M, Manneville C, Saillan-Barreau C, Duriez M, Tedgui A, Levy B, Penicaud L, Casteilla L (2004) Plasticity of human adipose lineage cells toward endothelial cells: physiological and therapeutic perspectives. Circulation 109:656–663. [PubMed]
13. Rehman J, Traktuev D, Li J, Merfeld-Clauss S, Temm-Grove CJ, Bovenkerk JE, Pell CL, Johnstone BH, Considine RV, March KL (2004) Secretion of angiogenic and antiapoptotic factors by human adipose stromal cells. Circulation 109:1292–1298. [PubMed]
14. Shiffman MA, Mirrafati S (2001) Fat transfer techniques: The effect of harvest and transfer methods on adipocyte viability and review of the literature. Dermatol Surg 27:819–826. [PubMed]
15. Spear SL, Wilson HB, Lockwood MD (2005) Fat injection to correct contour deformities in the reconstructed breast. Plast Reconstr Surg 116:1300–1305. [PubMed]
16. Spear SL, Newman MK (2007) Discussion to “Fat grafting to the breast revisited: safety and efficacy.” Plast Reconstr Surg 119:786–787 .
17. Strawford A, Antelo F, Christiansen M, Hellerstein MK (2004) Adipose tissue triglyceride turnover, de novo lipogenesis, and cell proliferation in humans measured with 2H2O. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 286:E577–E588. [PubMed]
18. Ullmann Y, Hyams M, Ramon Y, Peled IJ, Leiderbaum ES (1998) Enhancing the survival of aspirated human fat injected into nude mice. Plast Reconstr Surg 101:1940–1944. [PubMed]
19. Yoshimura K, Matsumoto D, Gonda K (2005) A clinical trial of soft tissue augmentation by lipoinjection with adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs). Proceedings of the 3rd annual meeting of International Fat Applied Technology Society (IFATS), Charlotteville, Virginia, pp. 9–10.
20. Yoshimura K, Shigeura T, Matsumoto D, Sato T, Takaki Y, Aiba-Kojima E, Sato K, Inoue K, Nagase T, Koshima I, Gonda K (2006) Characterization of freshly isolated and cultured cells derived from the fatty and fluid portions of liposuction aspirates. J Cell Physiol 208:64–76. [PubMed]
21. Zuk PA, Zhu M, Ashjian P, De Ugarte DA, Huang JI, Mizuno H, Alfonso ZC, Fraser JK, Benhaim P, Hedrick MH (2002) Human adipose tissue is a source of multipotent stem cells. Mol Biol Cell 13:4279–4295. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
22. Zuk PA, Zhu M, Mizuno H, Huang J, Futrell JW, Katz AJ, Benhaim P, Lorenz HP, Hedrick MH (2001) Multilineage cells from human adipose tissue: Implications for cell-based therapies. Tissue Eng 7:211–228. [PubMed]

 

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Think CRAZY……!Why Donkey is not the King of Forest???

BRAINSTROM
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0
Think CRAZY……!Why Donkey is not the King of Forest???

In a medical research Lion sleeps 18 hours a day…if hardwork is d key 2 success den Donkey shld b d king of jungle..!!How much dis fact is true ??

 

First i promise to the reader,this will not be boring,but will definitely drag u r attention will be interesting.

Why this quote is here:This caught my attention ,One of the shares by my friend on facebook.First time i read it i found it very funny and agreed and thought about it and i compiled my comment and some research and googling got some of the comments from the rediff.com website.

I know understand that smart work in as important as the hard work & hard work with a defined focus will get u the goal……..bla..bla…bla…!

oh…Let me start again…!

These are the  words that got into my and many people mind(S) by reading and understanding some of the famous  quotes by the gr8 people of INDIA,I believe most of them know what these are and every one tries to follow these.

But lets put these famous quotes of the brain and lets make it a funny discussion and try to recollect the information form neighborhoods of south INDIA.

 

I am sorry for some of the readers,if u do not understand what i am about to discuss here as this discussion is more focused to some parts of south INDIA.

From the above statement it is said that the “only” hard work is not the key to the success is what the author meant.

Now WHAT is KING? not who is KING? here i know this is a huge grammatical mistake,Here my idea is to discuss what does a KING position Mean.

 

From the above sentence and matter of fact always…as we are told..LOIN was/is the KING.and also from one another fact KING is the person who is recollected a lot than usual….AGREED..!{—————sentence 1}

 

But…I tend to see people using the word Donkey more than the LION,

Here what i mean is;when people whose origin is from South INDIA,tend to say when we see a person working a lot or really working hard;”Even after working as much as donkey you are not getting paid enough”.(in telugu:Gaadidha la panichesthunnavu niku eemi payoff avvatum ledhu)

but we never hear somebody saying that “You are a LOIN,you are doing great”

other than someone talking about BALAKRISHANA in Telugu movies).

 

if we compare both these and leaving other consequences that make us remember these words behind,we remember DONKEY alot than a LOIN.

if you agree with me on sentence 1 that is king is the person who is recollected a lot then donkey should be given a credit,But this not going to happen .

 

Finally to conclude,KING-Ship depends on the our thinking and it is not the one big STANDARD.From What I believe “Any thing that makes our selves happy and make our-self or an individual  feel good about his achievement(S) then he is a “KING”.

and it is not the one that is given to someone if he is so called.

Comment Plz….!

Some of the reactions by other people:

1.

 

Only hard work is not the key to success. Hardwork towards the goal with proper planning is the key to success.

Answered by SWAPAN BHANDARI, 11 Feb ’11 04:42 pm2.Donkey is undoubtedly the hard worker but without any goal and plan ………. lion is the smart worker with proper planing and reach at the goal ……….that’s why lion is the king ……..

Answered by pradeep mishra, 11 Feb ’11 04:43 pm3.In jungle law ,most powerful and fittest is the king but in human civilization the issue is the correlation between three factors namely Hard work , result and status . Hard work put in does not guarantee success . For example the hard work put in by Hitler , Chengiskhan , Thymoor , Rasputin were far greater than Buddha under Bodhi tree or Jesus in Palestine . But results are different . Former killed in millions causing terror . Buddha’s peace spread to millions . So hard work yielding success in God’s way or disaster in demon’s way is what that decides high pedestal status or downright condemnation . So hard work , result and status are different factors in human life .
Answered by RAMASWAMY VENKATESH, 11 Feb ’11 07:33 pm4…ur sure donkey does hard work?
If left alone how much hard work do they do?
Till now i used to think that hard work was made to be done by them for some one else.
The moral here is (if it can be so called ):
Do some hard work for yourself, even if it is for small amounts of time to feel like a King.

Answered by M H Kisan, 11 Feb ’11 07:02 pm

5.I am thrilled by your innovative thoughts. Earlier we knew ants were the most laborious creatures. Now donkeys – good thought. But I am not inclined to accept this idea. Because, minimum effort and maximum gain is the order of the day. From that angle, lions are king of jungle. But if you have any plan to dethrone the ants and feel the slot by donkeys for the title of Mr. Laborious, I am with you.
Answered by soumyen sarkar, 11 Feb ’11 06:34 pm6.Hard work must be meaningful….Otherwise no use.
Answered by anantharaman, 11 Feb ’11 06:09 pm 7.Hard-work alone doesn’t count for your success, there are many other factors like intelligence, presence of mind, foresight and like too are needed, which a donkey doen’t have but a lion has…!…!
Answered by Dil Se, 11 Feb ’11 06:06 pm 8.Simple
a king is not supposed to toil hard
if so he will never be a king
A common man has to slog hard
and donkey being the pariah has to work extra hard.

Answered by ashok paricha, 11 Feb ’11 04:48 pm 9.He He He He He He………

But this can also be answered as :-Lion is the king and therefore it can afford to sleep for 18 hrs a day. Whereas donkeys are slaves and they have to work hard for food, sleep and sex. ……….. :–))

Answered by Mahesh Sharma, 11 Feb ’11 04:47 pm 10.Kal yog hai sister

Answered by sunita, 11 Feb ’11 04:43 pm 11.You could be right! See how a coolie works hard and how a businessman makes others work hard! Who is successful is no secret!

Answered by QueSera Sera, 11 Feb ’11 04:42 pm 12.Allah ne duniyaa sirf mukaadar pe rakhee hai,naa takat pe dekho ek patle se minister ke pichey do hattekhattey bodyguard,na ilm pe rkhee hai dekhlo anghuta chaap boss ke niche kayyo BCOm kaam katey hai,Duniya toh bakdr Mukkadar hai Aakhirat bakdr mushaqqat hai
Answered by common sense, 11 Feb ’11 04:40 pm13.Aap MAHAN hein.
Answered by ankit shivam, 11 Feb ’11 04:40 pm 14.Good ques
Answered by krishna, 11 Feb ’11 04:39 pm 15.Ha ha ha brilliant . hardwork is not the key to success :-))))))))))
Answered by suppandi, 11 Feb ’11 04:39 pm  16.You are so stupid
Answered by HARITESH AGRAWAL, 11 Feb ’11 04:40 pm
Some thing i got to know where donkey got importance
 

—
Avinash Gadala

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